for ap biology. at first i struggled with grasping the concept of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions but with perseverance and i love science i am now highly enjoying learning and understanding it!

So my four interests are science, reiki/spirituality, poetry and librarian. i wonder which option i will pick for my career.

i know the date is over, but after reading about it, i realize june 16, 2016 is 6/16/16 which the numbers 666 can be seen who the letters of nero caesar since the letters add up (who persecuted many christians) as a devil’s number, but i think that’s just superstition, still it’s quite cool. i just picked the book called the “Barcode Tattoo” off the shelf this morning and it talks about the year 2016 and the years after when Kayla was here in 2020, i think this is a strange coincidence. the book has a lot of cool scientific facts about bar codes and computers, yet it is dystopian. it talks about how everyone becomes an adult at seventeen and must get a bar code tattoo which has your license, medical records, credit information. however the negative side is that it allows the government to see your every move and there are files that change with your life. yet kayla refuses to get it b/c she is troubled after her dad’s depression and suicide after receiving the bar code tattoo. i think something similar happened to the jews during the holocaust with stars and numbers. i think it’s a strange coincidence that we now have barcodes on most of our purchase items with scanners. kayla reminds me of myself b/c her talent is in art and i like poetry, but she is not very interested in technology like computers, she’s more right-brained. when her guidance counselor told her that she needed to learn something more than art, that she wouldn’t make it into college, she was quite upset. this is a really cool fact about barcodes that i learned form this book “The three limit posts that are in lined bar codes correspond to the numbers 6-6-6. They are the three limit posts that guide the scanner.The two at the edges are named guard bars and the central one is the central pattern” (Suzanne Weyn pg 43).The barcode however was invented in June 26 1974 and not on 6/16/16, but that quote makes me wonder about barcodes.
The cool thing is that the book even talks about GMOs and the loss of power for farmers, i think it is eerie that i have picked up this book now so close to june and also at seventeen years old. i like your creativity in saying that i am working on being “bully-phobic” and “shirley-philic.” hydrophobic interactions describe the relationship between water and nonpolar molecules with carbon atoms which don’t interact with water molecules. it’s like those nonpolar molecules have their own identity (with the carbon atoms attached to them), they have their own personality that is different from the society that is water so they don’t interact well with each other. an example of hydrophobic interactions are folding of proteins which can decrease in surface area and not allow much contact with water so the protein can survive and thrive much like a person who is different from society (the protein) folds himself in (goes on a different path) so they won’t come into contact with water (won’t be molded to societal conventions and can survive in their natural state). i love how every aspect of science can be applied to life;) also i had lots of fun looking up diatomic molecules which are atoms that exist naturally in pairs. there are seven diatomic molecules, how cool;) seven archangels, seven wonders of the world, seven colors of the rainbow, even on the dice (1 dice with six faces), seven days of the week and now seven diatomic molecules! the universe works wonders and i never ceased to be amazed. check this out, i have a book called Cosmic Codes i think i should start reading it now, i think the universe is trying to tell me about its timeless patterns. i had a dream about daylight savings time and a clock last night and time zones and i saw the patterns and numbers and codes in the universe, this is so cool. http://www.ridingthebeast.com/numbers/nu7.php
with every book and music i listen to, they all teach me lessons about my life, i think the universe is guiding me and helping in life and everything happens for a reason, i just have to pay attention to the significances. i feel exhilarated these days as i feel my heart, mind, eyes are opened to all the cool coincidences of the universe. so about diatomic molecules there is a funny mnemonic called “Have No Fear of Ice Cold Beer” and it corresponds to H2, N2, F2, O2, I2, Cl2, Br2. the number 2s are subscripts. about the poetry, i think i will be okay with being criticized a little. there is a quote “you can be the ripest juiciest peach in the world, but there is still going to be someone who hate peaches.” if you allow everyone who doesn’t approve of who you are control your life, you lose your true essence and you won’t be happy if you keep giving in to what others think will make you perfect b/c you don’t see yourself as perfect. also fire has now become quite easy for me to visualize now and it helps me heal and purify and keeps me warm when i’m cold and it also gives me energy and also air has helped me transcend my inner bully and helps me remain relaxed and connected. i am working on being one with water now and it’s cool b/c i am learning about water’s properties in ap biology;) i think i am good with earth, but i don’t like the feeling of being heavy and rooted to the ground, i want to be free, but if i ever need to ground, i use earth.

Do you that I synthesized an answer from the reading with the help of internet sources? Do you think it sounds authentic from my understanding of the sources and not just an assimilation of the materials I used for research?

Chemical Bonds

Covalent bonds (strongest) are the sharing of a pair of valence electrons (electrons in the outer shell of atoms that bond) by two atoms which forms molecules (2 or more atoms bonded).
Nonpolar covalent bonds have equal sharing of electrons such as H2 where both elements of hydrogen have an equal pull on the electron.
Polar covalent bonds do not have equal sharing of electrons such as H2O where electrons pulled toward oxygen, the atom with the stronger notion to attract electrons. Oxygen obtains a slight minus charge while hydrogen obtains a slight plus charge.
Covalent bonds may form single, double or triple bonds based on the pair of electrons shared. A single bond consists of one pair of shared electrons such as H-Cl. A double bond consists of two pairs of shared electrons such as O=O. A triple bond is three pairs of shared electrons such as N≡N. In order to obtain a full outer valence shell, atoms that can share valence electrons may bond more than once.

Hydrophobic Interactions (stronger than hydrogen bonds and vander waals forces) describe the relation between water and nonpolar molecules that have a long chain of carbon atoms that don’t interact with water molecules
A type of hydrophobic interaction is when fat molecules (nonpolar) clump to each other rather than coming apart in a water medium because it allows the fat molecules to have little contact with water.
Hydrophobic interactions help with the folding of proteins which helps keep the protein alive and active as it allows the protein to decrease in surface area and reduces the protein’s contact with water.

Weak bonds:

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds which maintain the shape of molecules by helping the atoms in the molecule adhere to each other
Hydrogen bonds occur when a slightly plus charged hydrogen atom in a polar molecule such as H2O (electrons pulled toward oxygen) that is drawn to a slightly minus charged atom (often nitrogen or oxygen) in some other polar molecule
An type of hydrogen bond is when the plus charge of a hydrogen in a water molecule is drawn toward the slightly minus charge of the nitrogen atom in ammonia.

Van der Waals Interactions are regions of plus and minus charges within a molecule that allow all atoms and molecules to stick to each other.
Van der Waals Interactions occurs only when atoms and molecules are nearby each other. When electrons are scattered throughout various regions within the molecule, this accounts for the varying plus and minus charges within the molecule which when drawn to each other help maintain the molecule’s shape.
A type of van der waals interaction is a dipole-dipole interaction which exists between polar molecules such as HCl where chlorine gains a slight minus charge since it has a stronger pull on the electron and the hydrogen has a slight plus charge which makes the plus charge (on hydrogen) drawn to the minus charge (on chlorine) keeping the molecule’s shape. A type of dipole-dipole interaction is a hydrogen bond since the bond between a plus charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a slight minus charge in some other atom such as HFl where the plus charge from the hydrogen and the minus charge acquired by the fluorine keep the molecule’s shape.

pg. 45 Q11 Scientific Inquiry

Observations: Female silkworms moths emit chemical signals that can be detected by male’s sensory organs (antenna) far away.
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Question: How can male silkworm moth’s antennas detect this specific molecule admist other molecules within the air?
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Hypothesis:The specific receptors on the antennas on the insect’s head bind to molecules in the air. The neurons that correspond to these receptors send messages about this binding to the brain and allow the insect to perceive the sound.
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Prediction: Measuring the average signal output (how much sound the insect can receive and process in its brain) of an insect antenna to its brain will help determine how the antenna receives sound and transmits it to the brain to be processed.
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Experiment: Using a electroantenography (measures average signal output of insect antenna to its brain) can help determine the total electrical potentials (energy that an electric charge would have located at any point in space) of an antenna’s reaction to a chemical signal. The electroantenography can be used to detect how much electrical energy is being sent from the sensory receptors on the antennas to the brain and determine if the signal emitted is strong enough for the insect to hear the sound.
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Results: Test does not falsify hypothesis. The sensory receptors on the silkworm moth’s antennas bind to molecules within the air such as water vapor and the neurons that pick up these specific receptors send messages to the brain so the male silkworm moth can perceive the sound. The electroantennography helps to detect the amount of sound that the one insect puts out and how the sound is processed to the receiving insect’s brain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroantennography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28biology%29#Insects

http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae206.cfm
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Hydrophobic_Interactions